就像 desk 和 disk 一样
下面是一个单词列表，这些单词只有一个具有元音 /e/ ，另一个具有元音 /ɪ/ 。

您可以使用此列表来练习发音，或作为发音时要小心的单词列表。

两个音都很短，/ɪ/ 的发音嘴巴较宽，几乎是一种微笑。这使得它更接近长音 /i：/ 而不是短音 /e/。

Elementary

dead did

desk disk

Pre-Intermediate

belt built

fell fill

head hid

left lift

mess miss

Intermediate

bed bid

beg big

bell bill

bet bit

check chick

gem gym

hell hill

hem him

let lit

pet pit

Upper-Intermediate

bend binned

bent bint

cheque chick

deck dick

fen fin

get git

jest gist

leapt lipped

led lid

lest list

kecks kicks

kept kipped

meddle middle

messed mist

peg pig

set sit

Advanced

bless bliss

Celt kilt

clef cliff

clench clinch

crept crypt

dell dill

den din

dent dint

fetter fitter

fez fizz

fleck flick

fretter fritter

gelding gilding

heck hick

hem hymn

hep hip

hex hicks

ken kin

ketch kitsch

Med mid

phlegm flim

quell quill

如 SiT 和 Seat
下面是一个单词列表，这些单词只有一个发音为 /ɪ/，另一个发音为 /i：/。

您可以使用此列表来练习发音，或作为发音时要小心的单词列表。

正如其符号的 /：/ 部分所示，/i：/ 的音比 /ɪ/ 长，以这种方式发音有助于区分下面单词对中的两者。然而，你也会注意到 /ɪ/ 上面没有点，这使得它与 /i：/ 的嘴部位置不同。发音 /i：/ 是用嘴巴说的，更像一个灿烂的笑容。这就是为什么我们在拍照时说“奶酪”而不是“chiz”（或“whizz”）的原因。

Elementary

bin bean

chip cheap

his he’s

it eat

sit seat

Pre-Intermediate

did deed

fill feel

fit feet

grin green

hit heat

is ease

mitt meet

slip sleep

still steal

Intermediate

bit beat

bitch beach

itch each

gin gene

grid greed

hid heed

hill he’ll

ill eel

kip keep

knit neat

lick leak

lip leap

mill meal

pick peek

piss piece

pitch peach

risen reason

shit sheet

sick seek

sin scene

sin seen

still steel

tin teen

Upper-Intermediate

bid bead

bitch beech

biz bees

chick cheek

chit cheat

dip deep

fist feast

fizz fees

hip heap

kid keyed

pill peel

pip peep

piss peace

sill seal

sim seem

skid skied

skim scheme

till teal

tizz teas

Advanced

blip bleep

britches breeches

crick creek

din dean

finned fiend

flit fleet

gip jeep

grist greased

pit peat

sim seam

sip seep

shin sheen

skit skeet

slick sleek

slit sleet

tick teak

tit teat

tizz tease

最小对是两个仅由单个发音变化的单词，通常表示可能会使英语学习者感到困惑的发音，例如 fan 和 van 中的 /f/ 和 /v/，或 desk 和 disk 中的 /e/ 和 /ɪ/。

元音

最小对 /ɪ/ 和 /i：/ sit seat

最小对 /e/ 和 /ɪ/ desk disk

最小对 /e/ 和 /eɪ/ wet wait

最小对 /æ/ 和 /ʌ/ bat but

最小对 /əʊ/ 和 /ɔ：/ so saw

最小对 /ɒ/ 和 /əʊ/ not note

最小对 /æ/ 和 /e/ bad bed

最小对 /ɑ：/ 和 /ɜ：/ fast first

最小对 /æ/ 和 /ɑ：/ had hard

最小对 /ɒ/ 和 /ɔ：/ cot caught

最小对 /əʊ/ 和 /aʊ/ know now

辅音

最小对 /b/ 和 /v/ berry very

最小对 /b/ 和 /p/ buy pie

最小对 /n/ 和 /ŋ/ thin thing

最小对 /l/ 和 /r/ alive arrive

最小对 /ʧ/ 和 /t/ catch cat

最小对 /s/ 和 /ʃ/ sea she

最小对 /f/ 和 /v/ fan van

最小对 /f/ 和 /h/ fat hat

最小对 /f/ 和 /θ/ free three

最小对 /s/ 和 /θ/ sink think

最小对 /ð/ 和 /z/ with whizz

最小对 /ʤ/ 和 /z/ page pays

最小对 /d/ 和 /ʤ/ bad badge

最小对 /f/ 和 /p/ coffee copy

最小对 /kw/ 和 /k/ quick kick

最小对 /tʃ/ 和 /dʒ/ cheap jeep

最小对 /tʃ/ 和 /ʃ/ chair share

最小对 /d/ 和 /ð/ day they

最小对 /t/ 和 /θ/ tree three

初始辅音

最小对 初始 /f/ 和 /p/ fast past

最小对 首字母 /k/ 和 /g/ came game

最小对 首字母 /t/ 和 /d/ two do

最小对 首字母 /v/ 和 /w/ vow wow

最小对 首字母 /g/ 和 /w/ gate w8

最小对 初始 /h/ 和 /r/ hat rat

最小对 首字母 /r/ 和 /w/ rich which

最小对 首字母 /ʤ/ 和 /j/ jaw your

最小对 首字母 /w/ 和没有 /w/ where air

最小对 首字母 /h/ 和没有 /h/ hate eight

最后的辅音

最小对子最后的 /k/ 和 /g/ back bag

最小对 final /m/ 和 /n/ am an

最小对最终 /t/ 和 /d/ hat had

最小对子 final /s/ and /z/ bus buzz

最小对 final /n/ 和 /ŋ/ thin thing

最小对 final /ŋk/ and /ŋ/ think thing

最小对子结尾 /dʒ/ 和 /dʒi/ edge edgy

最小对子 final /tʃ/ 和 /tʃi/ catch catchy

英语学习最小对

Routines and Flow例程与流程

The Builder view of the PsychoPy® application is designed to allow the rapid development of a wide range of experiments for experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience experiments.
PsychoPy®应用的构建器视图旨在为实验心理学和认知神经科学实验提供快速开发多种实验的能力。
The Builder view comprises two main panels for viewing the experiment’s Routines (upper left) and another for viewing the Flow (lower part of the window).
构建器视图包含两个主要面板：上方左侧用于查看实验的例程（Routines），下方窗口区域用于查看流程（Flow）。
An experiment can have any number of Routines, describing the timing of stimuli, instructions and responses. These are portrayed in a simple track-based view, similar to that of video-editing software, which allows stimuli to come on go off repeatedly and to overlap with each other.
实验可以包含任意数量的例程（Routines），用于描述刺激呈现、指导语和反应的时间进程。这些例程以类似视频编辑软件的简单轨道化视图呈现，允许刺激反复出现、相互叠加。
The way in which these Routines are combined and/or repeated is controlled by the Flow panel. All experiments have exactly one Flow. This takes the form of a standard flowchart allowing a sequence of routines to occur one after another, and for loops to be inserted around one or more of the Routines. The loop also controls variables that change between repetitions, such as stimulus attributes.
例程的组合方式和重复次数由流程面板（Flow panel）控制。所有实验必须包含且仅有一个流程（Flow）。流程采用标准流程图形式，允许按顺序排列多个例程，并在例程周围插入循环。循环同时控制每次重复时变化的变量（如刺激属性）。
If it is your first time opening PsychoPy®, we highly recommend taking a look at the large number of inbuilt demos that come with PsychoPy®. This can be done through selecting Demos > unpack demos within your application. Another good place to get started is to take a look at the many openly available demos at pavlovia.org you can view an intro to Pavlovia at our Youtube channel.
如果您是首次打开PsychoPy®，我们强烈建议您查看应用内置的大量演示实验。可通过菜单栏选择「Demos > 解压演示」访问这些示例。另一个入门途径是访问Pavlovia平台的开源演示库（pavlovia.org），您可以在我们的YouTube频道观看Pavlovia平台介绍视频。

The |PsychoPy| builder, the Routines panel an the Flow are highlighted, if you are new to |PsychoPy|, we recommend starting by unpacking your demos and exploring the example tasks
|PsychoPy| 构建器、例程面板（Routines panel）和流程（Flow）会被突出显示。若您是 |PsychoPy| 新手，我们建议您从解压演示实验并探索示例任务开始。

The components panel组件面板

You can add components to an experiment by selecting components from the Components panel. This is currently divided into 7 sections:
您可以通过从组件面板（Components panel）中选择组件向实验添加组件。当前面板分为7个部分：
Favorites - your commonly used components
收藏夹 - 常用组件
Stimuli - components used to present a stimulus (e.g. a visual image or shape, or an auditory tone or file)
刺激 - 用于呈现刺激的组件（例如视觉图像/形状，或听觉音调/文件）
Responses - stimulu used to gather responses (e.g. keyboards or mouse components - amongst many others!)
反应 - 用于收集反应的组件（例如键盘或鼠标组件等！）
Custom - builder can be used to make a fair few complex experiments now, but for added flexibility, you can add code components at any point in an experiment (e.g. for providing response-dependant feedback).
自定义 - 构建器现已支持创建较复杂的实验，但为增加灵活性，您可在实验任意位置添加代码组件（例如提供反应依赖性反馈）。
EEG - PsychoPy® can actually be used with a range of EEG devices. Most of these are interacted with through delivering a trigger through the parallel port (see I/O below), or serial port (see ../api/serial.html). However, PsychoPy® Builder has inbuilt support (i.e. no need for code snippets) for working with Emotiv EEG, you can view a Youtube tutorial on how to use Emotiv EEG with PsychoPy here.
EEG - PsychoPy® 可与多种脑电设备配合使用。多数设备通过并行端口发送触发信号（见下方I/O说明）或串口通信（见../api/serial.html）。但PsychoPy®构建器已内置对Emotiv脑电的支持（无需代码片段），您可通过此链接查看YouTube教程。
Eyetracking - PsychoPy® 2021.2 released inbuilt supprort for eyetrackers! PsychoPy® had supported eye tracker research for a while, but not via components in PsychoPy® builder. You can learn more about these from the more specific components.html info.
眼动追踪 - PsychoPy® 2021.2 已内置眼动仪支持！此前PsychoPy®虽支持眼动研究，但无法通过构建器组件实现。更多信息请参阅components.html文档。
I/O - I/O stands for “input/output” under the hood this is ../api/iohub.html, this is useful for if you are working with external hardware devices requiring communication via the parallel port (e.g. EEG).
I/O - I/O代表“输入/输出”，底层对应../api/iohub.html。此功能适用于需通过并行端口（如EEG设备）与外部硬件通信的场景。

Making experiments to go online创建可在线运行的实验

Buttons to interact with pavlovia.org from your experiment builder
从实验构建器与pavlovia.org交互的按钮
Before making an experiment to go online, it is a good idea to check the status of online options - remember PsychoJS (the javascript sister library of PsychoPy®) is younger that PsychoPy® - so not everything can be done online yet! but for most components there are prototype work arounds to still make things possible (e.e. RDKs and staircases). You can learn more about taking experiments online from builder via the online documentation.
在创建在线实验前，建议先查看在线选项的状态——请注意PsychoJS（PsychoPy®的JavaScript姊妹库）比PsychoPy®年轻，因此并非所有功能都能在线实现！不过大多数组件已有原型解决方案（例如随机点运动刺激RDKs和阶梯法staircases）。您可通过在线文档了解如何通过构建器将实验部署到线上。